Lower Silesia (Dolny Śląsk) in Poland is renowned for its diverse and historically significant landmarks, including castles, palaces, and ancient ruins that reflect its rich cultural and architectural heritage. These sites tell the story of the region’s noble past, medieval history, and evolving architectural styles. Sadly, a large number of these historic residences have fallen into ruin over the past centuries, largely due to wars, neglect, and political upheavals.

While some have been preserved and are celebrated through ongoing restoration efforts, many remain abandoned and deteriorating, serving as stark reminders of the region’s turbulent history. Despite this decline, the remaining sites continue to serve as important symbols of regional identity and history. As destinations for tourists, history enthusiasts, and locals alike, these historic residences offer a captivating glimpse into Poland’s glorious past and cultural diversity.

In this article, you will gain an insight into the reasons for the decline of castles and palaces across different periods of Lower Silesia’s history. You will also be provided with an overview of the history and current state of a number of palaces, which are in varying conditions of decay. Finally, the article discusses the opportunities and limitations involved in restoring the vast Central European cultural heritage and architectural history that these palaces represent.

Lower Silesia: A Millennium at the Borderland of Central European Powers

The historic region of Lower Silesia now primarily lies within Poland's national borders. However, this has not always been the case. Lower Silesia was incorporated into the Polish Kingdom in 990 and remained so until 1348, when it became part of Bohemia. It fell under Habsburg Austria in 1526 and was ceded to Prussia in 1742 following the War of Austrian Succession. From 1870 until 1945, Lower Silesia was part of Germany, initially as part of the Province of Silesia, and later, from 1919, as the Province of Lower Silesia.

Towards the end of the Second World War, Lower Silesia was occupied by the Soviet Union, and as a result of the Potsdam Conference, it was incorporated into Poland—together with the rest of Silesia which was transferred to Poland as compensation for territories Poland had to cede to the Soviets in the east. The German population was forcibly expelled to Germany. Subsequently, the region experienced a considerable influx of Poles, many fleeing from present-day Ukraine, Lithuania, and the eastern regions of Poland that had been permanently annexed by the Soviet Union. Though the region still bears the influences of both Czech and, notably, German cultural currents, today it is considered to be strongly integrated into Polish culture and national identity.

The decay of the glorious past

The decline and decay of castles and palaces in Lower Silesia are rooted in a complex interplay of historical war, political upheaval, socio-economic transformation, and natural deterioration. Over the centuries, conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War and World War II inflicted damage, but a deeper cause was the abandonment and neglect stemming from land reforms, the dissolution of aristocratic estates, and shifting societal priorities during the communist era. A lack of consistent preservation policies, coupled with insufficient investment and ongoing vandalism, left many structures vulnerable. The fall of communism in Poland in 1989 brought about political and economic changes that initially opened up possibilities for modernisation and restoration. However, many historic properties continued to languish due to inadequate funding, complex ownership issues, and limited public awareness, leaving numerous castles and palaces as ruins—silent witnesses to their once-glorious past and the ongoing struggle for preservation.

The Factors Behind the Deterioration of Castles and Palaces in Lower Silesia

The Impact of War: Centuries of Conflict and Military Destruction in Lower Silesia

The decline of castles and palaces in Lower Silesia can be traced back to centuries of conflict and upheaval. The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) was particularly destructive, leading to widespread damage across the region due to looting, battles, and resulting epidemics. Many structures suffered significant harm during this period, and although some survived, the region’s infrastructure and wealth were profoundly weakened. Later, the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) continued this trend, with troop movements and military occupations causing further destruction and neglect of many noble estates. During the two World Wars, particularly WWII, some buildings sustained damage from fighting and bombings; however, in many cases, the main structures remained physically intact. The post-war period, especially after 1945, was marked by widespread destruction, not only from military conflict but also from neglect and lack of proper repair.

Political Changes and Land Reform – The Use of the Palaces by the Polish Communist State (1945–1989)

The shifting political landscape of the 19th and 20th centuries deeply impacted the fate of noble properties. Until 1945, when the region was part of Germany, many estates were managed by aristocratic families. After the borders changed in 1945, Lower Silesia was incorporated into Poland, and the new communist government enacted extensive land reforms.

After the end of World War II, the Polish communist authorities seized control of numerous historic palaces and castles that had previously belonged to noble families. The property of noble families was confiscated and nationalised. With the redistribution of land and properties as part of the wider land reforms, many of these grand structures were repurposed for state use. During this period, the estates were often utilised for utilitarian and administrative purposes, which contributed to their ongoing deterioration rather than preservation.

In the immediate post-war years, the Polish government repurposed many palaces as administrative offices, social care centres, or healthcare facilities. Several buildings served as offices for local or regional authorities, including the Ministry of Agriculture and other state institutions. In rural areas, some palaces were transformed into communal farms (PGRs), functioning as centres for agricultural planning and management. These structures housed staff, stored equipment, or provided space for organisational meetings related to collective agriculture. Unfortunately, the emphasis on utilitarian use often meant neglect of the historic architecture, with preservation effortsTaking a backseat to functional requirements.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the regime continued to utilise these palaces for public purposes. Many became schools, orphanages, or youth training centres, aiming to serve community needs and promote socialist values. Some palaces also hosted cultural events, exhibitions, and local gatherings designed to integrate rural populations into the socialist framework. However, due to the lack of dedicated funding for heritage preservation and widespread neglect, the condition of most of these historic buildings steadily worsened. Roofs collapsed, interiors were vandalised, and architectural details were lost, leaving many structures in a fragile state by the late 1980s.

Overall, the use of palaces by the Polish communist state from 1945 until 1989 was primarily driven by practical needs rather than preservation or conservation. Although some buildings served important social and administrative functions, the lack of proper maintenance and a focus on utilitarian transformation resulted in a significant decline, leaving many of these architectural treasures in a state of neglect or ruin as the regime came to an end.

Lack of Conservation Policy and Infrastructure

For several decades, there was little in the way of active conservation policies to protect or restore historic castles and palaces in Lower Silesia. Limited funding and institutional support meant that many buildings remained neglected. Abandoned structures became targets for theft and vandalism, accelerating their deterioration. Additionally, the infrastructure needed for safeguarding historic sites, such as secure fencing, maintenance teams, and restoration programmes, was either inadequate or entirely lacking. Without proper oversight or investment, many buildings continued to degrade into ruins.

Changing Social and Cultural Priorities

The social and cultural landscape also contributed to the decline. As aristocratic patronage vanished, so did the interest in maintaining these historic structures. During the socialist era, the focus shifted towards industrialisation and utilitarian development, with little regard for cultural heritage preservation. Exposure to western European architectural appreciation and conservation practices diminished, and the focus on industrial progress often overshadowed efforts to safeguard historic buildings. The result was a loss of cultural continuity and the deterioration of many once-majestic estates.

Natural Factors and Climate

Finally, natural elements played a role in the decay of many of these structures. Continuous exposure to the elements, including rain, wind, pests, and temperature fluctuations, further weakened already neglected or damaged buildings. In the absence of regular maintenance, moisture seeped into walls, causing cracking and erosion, while pests damaged wooden components and decorative details. Over time, these natural factors compounded neglect and conflict-related damage, accelerating the collapse of many historic edifices.

Click here to view the complete collection of photographs of abandoned castles and palaces in Poland.

Scroll down to learn more about a number of the abandoned palaces you can find in Lower Silesia.

**The Palace in Kopice** (Pałac w Kopicach) is a historic residence located in the village of Kopice, Silesian Voivodeship.. This architectural landmark, with its rich history and elegant neoclassical design, serves as a proud symbol of regional heritage and attracts visitors and history enthusiasts from near and far. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Kopice: Ongoing Revival

The Palace in Kopice, known in Polish as Pałac w Kopicach, is a site steeped in history and architectural beauty. Through the centuries, this estate has been home to noble families, experienced both grandeur and decline, and has been the subject of various restoration plans.

This is the story of a property that, despite its challenges, continues to fascinate with its past and potential for future restoration.

From Knight's Manor to Neoclassicism

Since 1360, Kopice was the seat of the von Borsnitz family, later controlled by the von Beess family around 1450. Among subsequent owners were Baltzar von Neckern, a canon at the Wrocław Cathedral, and several noble families until it was purchased by the von Schaffgotsch family in 1859. A significant transformation occurred in 1783 when the knight's manor was rebuilt into a neoclassical residence based on designs by Hans Rudolph, an architect from Opole.

Neo-Romanticism and Landscape Design

Under von Schaffgotsch ownership, the palace reached its architectural zenith when it was reconstructed in 1864 to plans by Carl Lüdecke and Konstanty Heidenreich. The garden, designed by Wilhelm Hampel, features 10 ponds and hosts numerous botanical rarities. The landscape park, with its majestic trees and picturesque buildings, mirrors the palace's neo-Gothic style with Neo-Renaissance details. Among the most notable structures in the park are the Oriental Pavilion and the artificial ruins known as the "Musetower."

War Damage and the Price of Plunder

The palace remained with the von Schaffgotsch family until 1945 but was later looted and set on fire by unknown perpetrators in 1956. The painting "The Lombard Madonna" was transferred to museum care, the only known surviving artwork from the inventory. Over the years, the palace has suffered from vandalism and neglect, with many original sculptures and decorative elements lost.

New Hope and Future Ambitions

Despite numerous setbacks, several investors have shown interest in the property. The company Zarmen purchased the palace in 2008 and undertook necessary security measures. In 2014, and again in 2021, new interested parties from Luxembourg and Opole expressed a desire to revitalise the palace. In 2022, the estate was sold to Joachim Wiesiollek, who plans to breathe new life into this historic landmark.

An Architectural Treasure

The Palace in Kopice is a true representative of neo-Gothic splendour. Designed with an L-shaped layout and characterised by a blend of neoclassical heritage and neo-romantic style, the building boasts remarkably crafted embellishments. The Schaffgotsch coat of arms still crowns the main entrance, a testament to the estate's rich history.

Today, the Palace in Kopice stands as a reminder of past grandeur while holding promises of a possible resurgence that will bring new vitality to this archetype of Polish-German history and culture.

**The Palace in Mańczycze** (Pałac w Mańczycach), located in southwestern Poland’s Lower Silesian Voivodeship, is a striking example of neoclassical architecture. Surrounded by overgrown gardens and partially in ruins, this historic noble estate exudes an atmospheric, mysterious charm that continues to fascinate visitors and photographers alike. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Mańczyce: A Historic Gem on the Brink of Revival

The Palace in Mańczyce, known in Polish as Pałac w Mańczycach, is a remarkable historic estate located in the village of Mańczyce, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. Built on the site of a 16th-century Renaissance manor, the palace exemplifies the grandeur of aristocratic architecture and the turbulent history of the region. Today, it stands in a state of neglect, but hopes for restoration remain alive.

Origins and Early History

The origins of the Palace in Mańczyce date back to the early 18th century, although the site was originally occupied by a Renaissance manor from the 16th century. The current neo-Renaissance building was constructed around 1887, following extensive reconstruction and expansion carried out by the von Stosch family, who owned the estate at that time. The palace was erected using stone and brick, showcasing architectural elements typical of its period, including a commanding front façade with a prominent risalit, crowned by a fronton with a clock. The main entrance features ornate wooden doors and a decorated balcony supported by semi-columns, with heraldic cartouches displaying the coats of arms of the von Rohr family and their wife, Vera von Veltheim.

From its inception, the palace was the residence of noble families, initially built and financed by the von Gfun family, later passing through the hands of the von Hochberg, von Posadovsky, and von Sandreczky families. The von Stosch family, notably, reconstructed the palace in 1887, giving it its neo-Renaissance grandeur.

Architectural Features and Surroundings

The palace’s symmetrical, horseshoe-shaped plan includes two wings topped with spires and two-storey bastions. Inside, it once boasted richly decorated interiors, including stucco ceilings, heraldic motifs, and a baroque orangery. It was part of a larger estate that featured a park, a distillery ruin, and a family crypt on a nearby hill, where the von Sandreczky counts were laid to rest.

Changes During and After Communism

Following the outbreak of communism in Poland after World War II, the fate of the Mańczyce palace was sealed. The estate was nationalised, and the building was repurposed as offices and communal housing by the Strzelin Agricultural Combine (Kombinat Rolny Strzelin) and local state farms (PGR). During this period, the palace also served as a community centre, hosting events, film screenings, and serving local needs. However, the authorities neglected its preservation, and by 1979, a plan was approved to convert the palace into a hotel, a project that was never realised.

Throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the palace suffered from vandalism, theft, and decay. Valuable fixtures, such as fireplaces and architectural details, were removed or destroyed. Despite efforts in the mid-1990s to secure and partially restore the building, progress was slow, and the structure fell further into ruin. By the late 20th century, the roof was severely damaged, allowing weather and vandals to accelerate its decline.

Post-Communist Preservation Efforts

Since Poland's transition from communism in the early 1990s, there have been sporadic attempts to revitalise the palace, but none have yet resulted in its full restoration. The property changed hands several times, with private investors expressing interest but ultimately withdrawing due to the extensive damage and lack of funds. The palace’s ruins and surrounding parkland remain largely overgrown, though its impressive towers, heraldic carvings, and architectural details continue to attract attention. A recent online listing described the estate as a "business premises" available for a modest sum — a reflection of its derelict state.

Looking Ahead

Despite its dilapidated condition, the Palace in Mańczyce retains its historic significance and architectural grandeur. It remains a potent symbol of Poland’s aristocratic past and regional history. Presently, discussions continue about potential restoration and adaptive reuse, hopeful that this once-magnificent residence, built in the early 18th century and reconstructed in the late 19th, can be rescued from its current state of ruin and restored to its former glory.

The Castle in Owiesno (Zamek w Owiesnie)

The Castle in Owiesno, known locally as Zamek w Owiesnie, is a historic fortress located in southwestern Poland, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Once a formidable medieval stronghold, the castle now stands in ruins, serving as a poignant reminder of its former grandeur and turbulent history. Its atmospheric remains continue to attract historians, tourists, and enthusiasts of Gothic architecture and medieval heritage.

The origins of the Castle in Owiesno date back to the Middle Ages, with construction believed to have occurred in the 13th or 14th century. Over the centuries, the castle played an important role in regional defense and served as the seat of local aristocracy. Throughout its history, it endured numerous battles, sieges, and changes of ownership. The castle’s strategic position on high ground and its defensive features made it a significant medieval fortress in the region.

Architectural Features and Evolution

The castle was built with thick stone walls, fortified towers, and a moat, characteristic of medieval military architecture. Over the centuries, it experienced modifications and expansions, reflecting changes in military technology and architectural styles. Today, only fragments of walls, towers, and the castle courtyard remain, yet these remnants vividly showcase its original design and historic importance. Its ruins evoke a sense of historical mystery and nostalgia for bygone eras.

The Decline and Destruction

The castle fell into decline after the medieval period, but its most destructive events occurred during World War II. According to historical records, the castle was heavily damaged during the war, and subsequently destroyed by the Soviets and local thieves. For many years, it remained a neglected ruin, with parts of the structure collapsing and nature reclaiming the site. Despite these setbacks, the ruins still inspire curiosity and admiration among visitors and local communities.

Restoration and Preservation Efforts

In recent years, there have been discussions and initiatives aimed at preserving and restoring the castle ruins. The site has become a focal point for history enthusiasts and local tourism. Some efforts include stabilizing the remaining structures, creating informational signage, and developing themed attractions such as the Owiesno Village, which promotes local history and folklore. These activities aim to conserve the castle’s legacy while making it accessible to the public.

Visiting the Castle in Owiesno

Today, the ruins of the Castle in Owiesno attract numerous visitors who are intrigued by its historical significance and atmospheric ruins. Many explore the site for its panoramic views, medieval architecture, and storytelling potential. The surrounding area offers additional attractions, including themed villages and outdoor activities, making it an interesting destination for cultural tourism and nature lovers alike.

Preserving a Heritage of Mystique and History

The ruins of the Castle in Owiesno continue to captivates imagination due to their evocative history and scenic setting. They symbolize the resilience of regional heritage and serve as a tangible connection to Poland's medieval past. Preservation efforts and ongoing interest suggest that this historic site will remain a significant landmark, inspiring future generations to learn more about the region’s rich history.

Dobrocin Palace (Pałac w Dobrocinie)

Dobrocin Palace, known in Polish as Pałac w Dobrocinie, is a historically significant manor located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of Poland. This impressive residence exemplifies architectural styles from various periods and reflects the rich cultural heritage of the region. The palace's history dates back several centuries, making it a vital part of Poland's national heritage and regional identity.

The origins of Dobrocin Palace are rooted in the noble estates of Lower Silesia, with construction dating back to the 19th century. Over the years, it has seen numerous renovations and ownership changes, each adding layers to its architectural and historical narrative. Initially serving as a noble residence, the palace was a hub of local social and cultural life, signifying the wealth and influence of its former owners. Its historical significance is evidenced by its architecture and its role throughout regional history.

Architectural Features and Styles

Dobrocin Palace features a distinctive blend of architectural styles, primarily reflecting Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Classical influences. The grandeur of its façade, the elegant symmetry, and decorative elements like elaborate window frames and ornamental details showcase the craftsmanship of its time. The palace’s layout includes expansive gardens and parkland, adding to its aesthetic appeal. The interior historically boasted richly decorated rooms, ballrooms, and salons, designed to impress and accommodate social gatherings.

Restoration and Preservation Efforts

In recent years, Dobrocin Palace has undergone various renovation initiatives aimed at preserving its structural integrity and historical authenticity. These efforts are part of broader regional conservation projects, emphasizing the importance of maintaining Poland’s architectural heritage. Restorations have focused on restoring original facades, interiors, and the surrounding park, ensuring that future generations can appreciate this historic site. The palace continues to be a symbol of regional pride and historical continuity.

Current Use and Future Potential

Today, Dobrocin Palace stands as a cultural monument and is occasionally used for events, exhibitions, and cultural activities. Its historical ambiance offers a unique setting for visitors and locals alike, fostering cultural tourism and education. There is ongoing interest in transforming the palace into a center for cultural preservation, hospitality, or even a museum, which could boost local development by attracting tourists and history enthusiasts. The community continues to support initiatives aimed at revitalizing and sustainably managing this precious monument.

Historical Significance in the Regional Context

Dobrocin Palace's history is intertwined with the broader narratives of Lower Silesia’s aristocratic past. It reflects the social and political dynamics of the region during the 19th and early 20th centuries and contributes to understanding local nobility’s lifestyle and influence. As a regional landmark, the palace contributes to the collective memory and identity of the local community, symbolizing stability and continuity amid changing political landscapes.

An Enduring Symbol of Heritage and Heritage Conservation

The story of Dobrocin Palace underscores the importance of heritage preservation efforts across Poland. Each renovation and conservation project not only repairs physical structures but also helps maintain the cultural identity associated with such sites. Supporting the preservation of Dobrocin Palace ensures that this historical monument remains a testament to Poland’s architectural ingenuity and historical resilience, inspiring future generations to appreciate their cultural roots.

A Cultural Treasure in Lower Silesia

Dobrocin Palace continues to be a beloved landmark in Lower Silesia, attracting visitors who are eager to explore Poland’s architectural and historical landscape. Its preservation and adaptive reuse are essential for fostering cultural awareness, tourism, and regional pride. As efforts to restore and promote this historic site expand, Dobrocin Palace stands as an enduring symbol of Poland’s rich noble history and architectural heritage.

**Panków Castle:** A captivating medieval ruin in Lower Silesia, showcasing Poland’s historic fortress architecture. Although partially in ruins, it offers spectacular panoramic views and serves as a powerful reminder of the region’s rich and turbulent history. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

Panków Castle (Zamek w Pankowie):

Panków Castle, known in Polish as Zamek w Pankowie, stands as a fascinating yet partially ruined medieval fortress nestled in the southwest of Poland. Located in the Lower Silesian region, this castle offers a glimpse into Poland’s medieval history, military architecture, and the turbulent past of the region.

Despite its current dilapidated state, Panków Castle remains an important cultural monument attracting history enthusiasts, explorers, and photographers eager to capture its atmospheric remains.

The Medieval Roots and Strategic Significance of Panków Castle

The origins of Panków Castle date back to the Middle Ages, with construction believed to have taken place in the 13th or 14th century. Over the centuries, it served various strategic and defensive purposes, especially given its elevated location that provided excellent vantage points for surveillance and protection against invaders. Throughout its history, the castle witnessed numerous battles, sieges, and ownership changes, reflecting the region’s complex political landscape. Its strategic importance and historical role mark it as a significant site in Poland’s medieval heritage.

Architectural Features and Evolution

The castle's architecture exemplifies medieval military design, featuring thick stone walls, fortified towers, and a defensive layout suited for wartime needs. Over the centuries, Panków Castle underwent several modifications, adapting to changing military technology and architectural trends. Today, only fragments of walls, towers, and the vaulted courtyard remain—still vividly showcasing its former grandeur. The ruins evoke a powerful sense of history and mystique, attracting visitors enchanted by its atmospheric decay and medieval aesthetic.

The Decline and Destruction

The decline of Panków Castle started after the medieval period, but its most destructive phase occurred during the 20th century. The castle was heavily damaged during World War II and was subsequently abandoned, with parts of the structure collapsing over time. Nature has since reclaimed much of the site, with vegetation overtaking the stone remains. Despite this, the ruins continue to inspire a sense of awe and curiosity, serving as a poignant reminder of Poland’s turbulent history and the impermanence of human constructions.

Restoration and Preservation Efforts

In recent years, efforts have been made to preserve and protect the ruins of Panków Castle. These initiatives aim to stabilise remaining structures, improve safety for visitors, and promote historical awareness of the site. Currently, visitors are not permitted to go inside the ruins, but they can enjoy spectacular views of the castle’s remains from designated viewing points outside. These viewpoints offer excellent opportunities for photography and scenic appreciation, allowing visitors to experience the castle’s commanding presence in the landscape.

Visiting Panków Castle Today

Today, Panków Castle remains an accessible ruin visited by those captivated by history and atmospheric decay. While entry inside the castle is restricted for safety reasons, visitors can enjoy unobstructed views of the historical remains from the outside. Its elevated position provides panoramic vistas of the surrounding landscape, making it a popular spot for outdoor exploration and photography. Informational signage and local legends enhance the visitor experience, creating a compelling connection with the past without physically entering the ruin.

Future Perspectives and Cultural Value

The future of Panków Castle depends on ongoing preservation efforts. Its rich history and dramatic exterior serve as a vital cultural resource for Poland, embodying the resilience of the region’s medieval past. Continued conservation can promote educational opportunities and cultural tourism while safeguarding this historic site for future generations. As a symbol of regional history, Panków Castle’s enduring presence continues to inspire and captivate visitors from around the world.

A Key Part of Regional Heritage

The mysterious ruins of Panków Castle remain a lasting testament to medieval ingenuity and the region’s turbulent history. Although visitors cannot go inside, the stunning views of its remains from outside offer a powerful experience of Poland’s architectural resilience and historic depth. Preservation and appreciation of this site help keep alive the stories of Poland’s past, ensuring that the castle’s legacy endures as an enduring symbol of regional identity and heritage.

**The ruins of the historic Palace in Wiśniowa,** a testament to its former grandeur, now lie in neglect amidst overgrown grounds and damaged structures. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Wiśniowa: A Historic Heritage on the Verge of Ruin

The Palace in Wiśniowa, known in Polish as Pałac w Wiśniowej, is a historic residence located in the village of Wiśniowa in the Świdnica County of Lower Silesia. Built in the early 18th century, this grand neoclassical palace has witnessed centuries of history, but today it stands abandoned and decaying. Despite its forlorn state, the building remains a striking reminder of the region’s aristocratic past and the importance of preservation.

The first records of Wiśniowa date back to 1308, and the estate's earliest known owners included the von Mettke family in the 15th century. The present palace was constructed between 1872 and 1884, built on the site of a 16th-century Renaissance manor. The mansion was commissioned by the von Le Beau de Nantes family and significantly remodelled in the late 19th century, notably between 1872 and 1884, with a southern wing added in 1899. An integral part of the estate was a park, dating from the 18th and 19th centuries, and a mid-19th-century pavilion that still survives today.

Architectural Features and Key Changes

The palace is a neorenessanced building made of brick and stone, three floors high with reinforced basements. It was originally designed with an irregular plan, featuring multiple towers, spires, balconies, and ornate architectural details such as cornices, window surrounds, and overdoors. The main entrance is positioned within a protruding risalit, secured with boards and currently inaccessible.

The property underwent considerable modifications over the years. The most notable change was between 1872 and 1884, under the ownership of the von Le Beau family, which shaped its current form. During this period, a south wing was added, and the palace’s architectural richness was enhanced, including the addition of towers and decorative elements. The estate was home to notable noble families, including the von Zedlitz und Leipe family, until 1945.

Notable Historical Events and Their Impact

The estate’s history was profoundly affected during World War II, which led to widespread destruction across the region. After the war, the palace was nationalised and taken over by the Polish state. The estate was managed by the Local Manufacturing Plant (Zakład Wytwórczych Aparatury Precyzyjnej) from Świdnica. Throughout the 1960s and beyond, the building was repurposed for various uses, including housing and administrative functions. By the 1960s, parts of the palace and surrounding structures fell into disrepair, with many walls and roofs damaged or deteriorating.

The decline continued into the post-communist era, with the palace and its ancillary buildings suffering neglect, vandalism, and theft. Much of its architectural embellishments, including ceilings and decorative features, have been lost or vandalised. Today, the building is largely a ruin, with only fragmentary remnants of its former grandeur.

Post-Communist Era and Present Day

Following the fall of communism in Poland, efforts to save and restore Wiśniowa’s palace have been sporadic and largely ineffective. The property was in private hands for a time, but inadequate funds and the extent of damage hampered rehabilitation. Currently, the palace is in a dire state—its walls cracked, the roof partially collapsed, and interior spaces filled with debris. Local residents lament its decline, with some describing it as a building "on the verge of collapse" and trying to find means to save this historic monument.

The palace is surrounded by ruined farm buildings and overgrown grounds, with remnants of its former splendour hidden beneath layers of neglect. Despite challenges, the site still attracts interest, and many see it as a potential treasure capable of being restored, preserving a vital piece of regional history.

The Palace in Wiśniowa stands as a poignant symbol of both the region’s aristocratic past and the urgent need for heritage conservation. Although it currently lies in decay, the hope persists that with dedicated effort, it can once again be restored to its former glory and continue to tell the story of centuries gone by.

**Ruins of the historic 18th-century palace in** **Maniów Mały**, a poignant reminder of the region’s aristocratic past, now abandoned and deteriorating. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Maniów Mały – cultural monument with a rich history

The ruins of the Palace in Maniów Mały, known in Polish as Pałac w Maniów Małym, stand as a poignant reminder of past grandeur and historical upheaval. Located in the Wrocław County within the Gmina Mietków, this baroque-style residence, built in the mid-18th century, has witnessed centuries of change, war, and neglect. Although now largely a ruin, the palace remains an important cultural monument with a rich history.

The earliest records mentioning Maniów Mały date back to 1318, under the German name Klein Mohnau. The first known owners were the von Reichau and von Schindel families in the 16th century. Over the following centuries, the estate passed through numerous noble hands, including Jerzy von Hegewaldt, the von Poser baron, and eventually the von Schweinitz family from 1801. These noble owners contributed to the estate’s development and grandeur.

The original residence on the site was a Renaissance manor, which was replaced between 1746 and 1770 by the current baroque palace. In 1872–1884, the palace underwent thorough reconstruction, with significant modifications: an additional floor was added, a tower was constructed, and the façade details were altered in a neoclassical style. This transformation reflected the evolving tastes of the 19th century aristocracy.

Architectural Features and Modifications

The palace was built on an irregular rectangular plan, composed of brick and stone, with three floors and a flat roof with a gabled dormer. Its façade featured seven axes, with a prominent central risalit topped by a neoclassical pediment containing an ornate portal from around 1750. The building also had a tower with a square plan, added during the 19th-century renovation.

Inside, the palace contained a hall with remnants of stuccoes and baroque-style decorations. Outside, nearby structures such as a granary from 1746 and old farm buildings contributed to the estate’s historical character. The surrounding park, now neglected, was once a scenic landscape with venerable deciduous trees including oaks, lindens, and maples.

Impact of Major Historical Events

The palace’s history was profoundly affected by the upheavals of the 20th century. During World War II, it was severely damaged, likely in 1945, amidst the chaos of the war’s end. After the war, the property was confiscated by the Polish state and never rebuilt. During the communist era, it was managed by state enterprises and used for various purposes, including as offices and housing. The estate’s decline accelerated in the post-war years, with parts of the structure falling into disrepair and becoming subject to vandalism and theft.

Despite sporadic attempts at preservation, the palace never received comprehensive restoration. The elaborate stucco decoration, the baroque portal, and other architectural details suffered further damage, and today, it remains in ruins—an overgrown site with crumbling walls, missing roofs, and interiors filled with debris.

The Present State and Future Prospects

Currently, the palace is a haunting, decaying relic of its former glory. The building’s walls, once decorated with stuccoes and classicist elements, are now crumbling, with only fragments of its original character remaining. Nearby structures such as a granary and park are also neglected, leaving the estate deserted and deteriorating rapidly. It’s evident that without intervention, the site could be lost forever.

Despite its dilapidated condition, the Palace in Maniów Mały continues to attract interest from heritage enthusiasts and historians. Its historical significance and scenic location make it a potential candidate for future restoration projects, although efforts so far have yet to materialise into tangible conservation work.

The ruins of this 18th-century palace stand as a testament to the region’s layered history—including noble estates, wartime destruction, and neglect—waiting for renewed attention to preserve its legacy for future generations.

**Ruins of the historic Palace in Bełcz Wielki,** a once-grand baroque residence now fallen into decay after years of neglect and a devastating fire. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Bełcz Wielki: From Historic Residence to Ruin and Hope for Revival

The Palace in Bełcz Wielki, known in Polish as Pałac w Bełczu Wielkim, is a significant historical monument situated in the Gmina Niechlów, within Głogów County, Lower Silesia. Built around 1910 on the site of an older classical-style estate, this baroque-style palace has experienced a tumultuous history marked by war, neglect, and recent efforts at restoration. Today, it stands abandoned and vulnerable, but recent developments suggest a potential future for revival.

The earliest mention of Bełcz Wielki (Oderbeltsch) dates back to 1281. Throughout its history, the estate changed hands numerous times. Initially owned by noble families such as the von Rechenberg and the von Schönborn in the 18th century, the property was later acquired by Ludwig Adolf Theodor Dürr around 1898. He undertook major renovations around 1910, transforming the original classical estate into the current baroque-style palace. The manor was likely built for the Dürr family, and the estate remained in the possession of various aristocratic families until 1945, including the family of Wilhelm G. Bötzow.

Architectural Evolution and Modifications

The original palace was constructed in a baroque style, featuring a rectangular plan with three floors and a mansard roof with dormer windows. At the centre of the roof, a small tower crowned with a baroque copper helmet was added later. The façade showcased a prominent risalit with a large balcony supported by four Doric columns, emphasizing its neoclassical influences introduced during the 19th-century renovations.

In the late 20th century, the palace was repurposed for educational functions, initially serving as a school and later as a youth rehabilitation centre. It was characterized by structural modifications during these phases, although much of its original architectural grandeur remained visible until recent decades.

Impact of Major Historical Events

Throughout its history, the palace was affected by significant upheavals. During World War II, the estate was owned by Germany, most likely due to the owners’ debts and financial difficulties. After 1945, the property was confiscated by the Polish state, and for decades, it was used for educational and social purposes, including agricultural school and youth rehabilitation centers.

The property’s decline accelerated in the post-war period. In 1997, it was sold to a private foundation that intended to turn it into a social care home for seniors—plans which ultimately failed. As ownership changed hands multiple times, the palace remained neglected. By the 2000s, it had fallen into disrepair, with theft, vandalism, and the effects of weather turning it into a crumbling ruin.

Post-Communist Era and Present Day

After the fall of communism in Poland, the palace’s condition worsened. The building was looted, its interiors stripped of fixtures and decorative elements, and the structure partially damaged. On 15 May 2016, a fire probably caused by arson ravaged the roof and attic, beyond repair. The palace remained unrestored and vulnerable, with the surrounding park becoming overgrown and neglected.

However, recent developments at the end of 2022 and early 2023 have sparked hope. The palace was sold for less than 300,000 złoty, and new owners now have ambitious plans to restore the historic building. They intend to create a hotel, spa, and banquet facilities, with the project being overseen by heritage preservation authorities to ensure the architectural integrity of this valuable monument.

Looking Forward

The Palace in Bełcz Wielki, once a noble residence of significant stature, now stands as a fragile shell of its former self. Despite decades of neglect and the devastation caused by fire and vandalism, the recent purchase and outlined plans for its revival offer a glimmer of hope. With proper conservation and investment, this historic palace has the potential to be restored, allowing future generations to admire its architectural beauty and history once more.

**Ruined façade of the historic Palace in Krzydłowice**, a once-majestic baroque residence now sadly decayed and abandoned. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Krzydłowice: A Testament to History and Decay

The Palace in Krzydłowice, known in Polish as Pałac w Krzydłowicach, is a historic baroque building located in the village of Krzydłowice, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Built between 1722 and 1723 for Hans Georg von Stosch, this once-grand residence has a storied past marked by grandeur, war, and neglect. Today, it remains a crumbling ruin — a poignant symbol of the region’s aristocratic heritage.

The earliest records of Krzydłowice date back to the late 13th century, with the first mention occurring in 1318. The estate's initial owners were noble families including the von Reichenberg and von Schönborn, and in the late 18th century, the property belonged to Hans Georg von Stosch, who undertook the significant construction of the current palace between 1722-1723. The villa was further restored in the second half of the 19th century, during which additional modifications were made to preserve its baroque character.

Architectural Evolution and Major Changes

The original construction of the palace was a rectangular, two-storey baroque manor, surrounded by a moat, reflecting the style of late Renaissance and early Baroque architecture. The central front façade is distinguished by the triangular gabled tympanum, a balcony portal supported by Doric pilasters, and a richly decorated balustrade adorned with sculptures. An impressive waterless baroque bridge from 1722 once spanned the moat surrounding the estate.

During the 19th-century restorations, the palace was renovated in the neoclassical style—its façades were decorated with pilasters, and the decorative elements were modernized to reflect new tastes. Notably, the structure was also extended with a southern wing, affecting its original form, which integrated classical features with its baroque origins.

Impact of Major Historical Events

The estate was affected by major historical upheavals. During World War II, the palace was damaged, with the fire in 1945 likely causing extensive destruction. After 1945, the property fell under the ownership of the Polish state. In 1947, the palace was burnt, probably due to arson, leaving only the exterior walls intact. Since then, it has remained abandoned, exposed to the elements, with no significant conservation efforts undertaken to prevent its collapse.

The Post-Communist Era and Current State

After the fall of communism, the palace’s dilapidation continued. It was owned by the Agricultural Property Agency (AWRSP) and later transferred to the local government in 2011. Despite its cultural significance and its status as a registered monument (listed in 1961 and 1980), little has been done to restore or preserve it. Today, the palace is a stark ruin—its walls scarred and its roof completely gone. All doors and windows have been removed or broken, making it accessible to anyone, which accelerates further degradation.

Recently, there have been hopes that the palace and its grounds might be revitalised. In 2023, new owners took possession of the property with plans to restore the historic building and develop it into a hotel and tourist attraction. Meanwhile, the ruins stand as silent witnesses to a glorious past, awaiting the care and attention needed to preserve their legacy.

The Palace in Krzydłowice is a vivid reminder of a bygone era—its current state a call to action for heritage preservation, offering a glimpse into the grandeur of the past amidst its inevitable decline.

**Ruined remnants of the historic Palace in Siedlce,** a once-elegant baroque residence now fallen into disrepair after years of neglect and wartime damage. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Siedlce: A Historic Baroque Treasure in Decline

The Palace in Siedlce, known in Polish as Pałac w Siedlcach, is a significant baroque monument located in the village of Siedlce within the Lubin County of Lower Silesia. Built around 1720–1730 for the von Nostitz family, this once-grand noble residence has a rich history marked by construction, renovation, war, and neglect. Today, the ruins of the palace serve as a stark reminder of the region’s aristocratic past and the challenges of preservation.

The earliest known record of Siedlce dates to the second half of the 16th century, with the estate initially established as a Renaissance manor for the von Nostitz family. The first significant construction took place in the late 17th or early 18th century, transforming the manor into a baroque residence under Caspar Otto von Nostitz around 1722–1723, possibly under the influence of architect Martin Franz. The estate was further expanded and renovated during the 19th century, notably in the 1770s, when the house was adapted into a baroque-palatial style, featuring the classic "entre cour et jardin" arrangement.

Architectural Evolution and Major Changes

The original Renaissance structure was transformed into a baroque residence featuring a rectangular layout with a large forecourt. Its façades were decorated with pilasters, cornices, and ornamental cartouches, and the central section boasted a prominent portal with heraldic coats of arms—those of Maria Elisabeth von Lestwitz and Caspar Otto von Nostitz. The palace was surrounded by a moat, crossed by a baroque bridge dating from 1722.

In the 19th century, restorations and renovations improved the building, with new wings added and the style subtly modernised to reflect the period’s tastes. The landscaped park, established in the 19th century, further enhanced the estate’s noble character.

Through the years, the estate remained in noble hands, passing to Ludwik Anton von Wechmar in 1751. Von Wechmar, a Prussian officer involved in the Silesian Wars, was honoured by Frederick the Great with a medal for bravery. His family maintained the estate until 1945, and during that period, several prominent figures reigned over the property, including Hans Heinrich von Wechmar, known for organising elaborate carnival balls in the 1930s.

Impact of Major Historical Events

The palace endured the upheavals of wars and political change. During World War II, it was largely spared from destruction, with no reports of damage from the conflict itself. However, between 1945 and 1947, Soviet soldiers occupied the estate, and after their departure, the property was managed by the local state farm (PGR). The post-war years saw significant decline: the estate was looted, stripped of its artworks and furnishings, and left to deteriorate. By the 1960s and 1970s, neglect and improper maintenance led to extensive damage, and by 1980 the roof had disappeared, leaving only the shell of the historic building.

The Post-Communist Era and Present State

After the fall of communism, the estate’s condition worsened further. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the palace remained abandoned, with much of its interior looted and its walls deteriorating. In 1961, it was officially listed as a historic monument, which offers legal protection, yet no effective restoration was undertaken.

Today, the palace stands as a ruin—its walls stained and broken, with only fragments of architectural details remaining. The once-majestic structure is exposed to the elements, and the parkland surrounding it is overgrown and neglected. Despite this, the historic significance of the palace draws attention from heritage enthusiasts, and recent discussions indicate potential plans for future restoration to revive this cultural gem.

The Palace in Siedlce is a powerful symbol of the region’s noble heritage, and its current ruined state underscores the urgent need for conservation efforts. With dedicated investment and care, it could once again become a celebrated part of Lower Silesia’s historic landscape.

**The Palace in Gałów**, a historic 19th-century eclectic estate in Lower Silesia, Poland, has a rich history spanning over five centuries—originally owned by the von Seidlitz family, it has witnessed wars, royal visits, and significant political changes. Once a grand noble residence, it now lies in ruins, preserved as a valuable cultural monument with ongoing efforts for restoration. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen

The Palace in Gałów: A Historic Landmark of Poland’s Lower Silesia

The Palace in Gałów (Polish: Pałac w Gałowie) is a fascinating historical site located in the village of Gałów, in the Dolnośląskie (Lower Silesian) Voivodeship of Poland. This former aristocratic residence reflects a rich history spanning over several centuries, marked by significant architectural changes, war-time upheavals, and political transformations. The palace’s story is deeply intertwined with Poland’s tumultuous past, from medieval noble ownership to its recent preservation efforts.

Early Ownership and Construction

The origins of the Gałów palace trace back to the 16th century. The first documented mention of the estate appears in court records from 1561, when it was owned by the von Seidlitz family. The earliest recorded construction dates back to around 1563, making it a Renaissance residence initially built on the site of an older structure presumed to date from the late Middle Ages.

The first owner, the prominent family von Seidlitz, managed the estate through the upheavals of Polish and European history, including the devastations wrought during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). The original renaissance building was later reconstructed and expanded significantly in the 18th and 19th centuries, transforming into an eclectic neo-Gothic/neo-classical residence.

Architectural Evolution and Key Changes

The palace as it stands today was primarily built in the late 19th century, although subsequent modifications occurred earlier in the 20th century. The architectural style displays a blend of Gothic, Renaissance, and neoclassical elements, with features such as a square four-storey tower, ornate facades, and decorative windows, characteristic of the eclecticism of the period.

In 1861-1874, the building underwent a significant neogothic renovation under the auspices of Albrecht von Röder, the then-possessor. By this time, the estate had expanded to include accompanying structures: two formal manorial outbuildings, a 19th-century park, and a historical granary from the 18th century, all forming part of the larger estate complex.

The Impact of Wars and Political Turmoil

Gałów’s history is marked by numerous military episodes, notably its use for military manoeuvres during the wars of the 18th century. In 1754 and 1787, Prussian King Frederick the Great visited the estate, and in 1757, Austrian troops stationed nearby before the Battle of Lutynia during the Seven Years’ War.

The property was also affected by Poland's turbulent history. During the 30 Years’ War, the original castle was largely destroyed. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Gałów became part of the Prussian Kingdom, and the estate came into the possession of the von Röder family.

Post-War Changes and Decline

After 1945, following the end of the Second World War, Gałów—with its palace—became part of Poland's territory. The estate was seized by the Communist authorities and repurposed as part of the state-run agricultural system. During this period, known as the era of Nationalisation and Collectivisation, the palace was occupied by the State Agricultural Farm (PGR). Most of its original grandeur was lost as the building was used for housing workers and storage.

In the 1970s, the palace was partially inhabited, but its condition was deteriorating. Tragedy struck in 1998 when an intentional fire consumed much of the roof, leaving the structure in ruins. The subsequent years saw further neglect, with the building suffering damage from storms in 2015 and remaining a ruin until recent efforts by the IG Foundation to revitalise the site.

Preservation and Current Status

Once a symbol of noble aristocratic life, the Palace in Gałów is now a ruin but remains a valued cultural heritage site. It is listed on the Register of Monuments since 1990, reflecting its historical significance. Efforts are ongoing to restore and preserve the estate, with the aim of safeguarding it for future generations.

The Palace in Gałów, originally built by the von Seidlitz family in the 16th century, has witnessed centuries of Polish history—from medieval foundations, renaissance renovations, and 19th-century transformations, to war, communist nationalisation, and modern-day conservation. Its storied past includes destruction during the Thirty Years’ War, visits from Prussian royalty, and the devastating fire of 1998.

**Ruins of the historic Palace in Kościelniki Górne,** a once-eclectic 19th-century residence now abandoned and in severe decline. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Kościelniki Górne – a prominent example of eclectic architecture

The Palace in Kościelniki Górne, known in Polish as Pałac w Kościelnikach Górnych, is a notable example of 19th-century eclectic architecture nestled in the village within the Leśna district of Lower Silesia. Built between 1866 and 1867, this once-majestic residence has suffered decades of neglect, war damage, and modern mismanagement. Today, it stands as a crumbling ruin, emblematic of the region’s aristocratic heritage and the urgent need for preservation.

The estate in Kościelniki Górne has a history that stretches back to at least the 17th century, when a manor was first constructed on this site. The current structure was created in the mid-19th century, under the auspices of the von Carnap family, who owned the property from 1866. The construction was carried out during a period of major architectural renewal, incorporating eclectic styles that combined elements of Renaissance and Neo-Romantic motifs.

Initially a private noble residence, the palace was part of a larger estate that included farm buildings and extensive parkland. The original construction was designed to showcase the wealthy status of its owners, with rich decorative details, a variety of towers, and ornate façades that reflected the eclectic architectural trends prevalent at the time.

Architectural Evolution and Major Changes

Constructed in 1866–1867, the palace was a grand, two-storey building with a complex irregular plan, decorated with numerous decorative towers, terraces, and intricate façades. The main wing was topped with a mansard roof, adorned with dormer windows and chimneys. Over the years, the estate underwent renovations, notably in the late 19th century, which further enhanced its ornate character. During this period, additional wings and park landscaping contributed to its majestic appearance.

The building’s façade features a prominent central risalti with a balcony supported by decorative corbels, and a carved family crest, which was unfortunately destroyed or lost over time. The estate was surrounded by a park, which from the late 19th century had become overgrown and neglected, reflecting the decline of the site.

Survived WW2 without damage

Throughout its long history, the palace endured the upheavals of numerous European conflicts. During World War II, the building survived without direct damage, unlike many other regional structures. After 1945, however, the palace was nationalised and repurposed by the communist authorities. It was used for various communal functions, including as offices and dwellings for local residents.

In the post-war years, especially during the Communist era, the property was poorly maintained. The interior was looted, and the building fell into disrepair. By the late 20th century, it was heavily damaged, with parts of the roof and ceilings collapsing. In 1987, the building was officially listed as a heritage monument, which recognises its cultural value but did not prevent its deterioration.

The Post-Communist Era and Contemporary Neglect

Following the fall of communism in Poland, the palace changed ownership multiple times. In 2004, it was sold to a private owner who initially expressed ambitious plans to convert it into a resort or cultural centre. Unfortunately, these plans never materialised, and the owner’s activities were marred by illegal renovations and damage.

From 2008 onwards, the building was subject to illegal modifications, including removal of structural elements, demolition of walls, and unapproved work on the roof, which rapidly accelerated its deterioration. The roof was destroyed, exposing the interiors to the elements, with debris littering the ground and interiors. The building’s condition has become critical, with its walls damaged and roofs missing, making it extremely dangerous for visitors.

Today, the palace remains a liability, with authorities repeatedly warning that without urgent intervention, it will collapse entirely. Its current state is one of decay and vandalism, a shadow of its former glory, longing for restoration and respectful conservation.

**The Palace in Włosień Dolny,** built between 1715 and 1720, is a historic baroque estate in Lower Silesia. Once a symbol of aristocratic grandeur, it has endured wars, neglect, and a devastating fire in 1979. Today, efforts are underway to revive and restore this remarkable landmark, promising a new future as a luxury hotel and conference centre. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Włosień Dolny – centuries of upheaval, grandeur, and decline

The Palace in Włosień Dolny (Polish: Pałac we Włosieniu Dolnym) stands as a remarkable testament to Poland’s rich architectural and cultural history. Nestled in the village of Włosień, in the Luban County of Lower Silesia, this 18th-century residence has witnessed centuries of upheaval, grandeur, decline, and recent revival efforts. Its story reflects the turbulent history of the region, from its construction by noble families to its modern fate as a potential luxury hotel and conference centre.

Constructed between 1715 and 1720, the palace was commissioned by Hans Gottlob von Gablenz, a prominent marshal of the Zgorzelec region. His vision was realised with a stately baroque residence built from stone and brick, standing on a hilltop overlooking a sprawling park with a pond. The estate's initial purpose was to serve as a symbol of regional aristocratic power and prestige.

The earliest owners were the von Gablenz family, who maintained control over the estate through the 18th century. Over time, the palace underwent notable renovations, including a significant rebuild in 1880, aimed at modernising and stylistically updating the structure.

Architectural Evolution and Significant Changes

The palace's architecture reflects its evolution — originally a simple baroque building, it was extensively remodelled in 1887 under the direction of architect Hülsenbeck. The renovation aimed to give the structure a more "Old German" appearance, introducing features such as a grand 30-step staircase leading to the main entrance. The building was a three-storey, rectangular construction with a distinctive roof, ornate window frames, and several projecting bays that added to its grandeur.

Throughout the 20th century, the estate continued to evolve, serving as a hub of aristocratic social life and hosting notable figures, including German nobles and diplomats. Its interior and exterior were further refined, making it a symbol of regional aristocratic prestige.

Impact of Wars and Historical Events

Włosień's history has been shaped by regional conflicts. The estate was affected by the Silesian Wars, including the tumultuous Napoleonic Wars, which saw its owners’ fortunes fluctuate. During the Third Partition of Poland, the estate became part of Prussia, and later, it was held by various noble families, including the von Sponecks, who owned it until the end of the WWII era.

During World War II, the estate endured the chaos of war. After 1945, following Poland's post-war border changes, the property was nationalised. The estate was appropriated by the state, and the palace was converted into a school for agricultural mechanisation, with the ancillary buildings utilised by the State Agricultural Farm (PGR). The once elegant residence suffered neglect and deterioration during the communist period, culminating in a devastating fire in 1979 that destroyed much of the structure.

Post-Communist Era and Current Status

After the fall of communism, the estate's fate remained uncertain for many years. In 2001, a private investor purchased the property, aiming to restore and revitalise it as a luxury hotel and conference centre. According to recent plans, approximately 90 million złoty are destined for the project, which could include a hotel, wellness and spa facilities, a whisky distillery, a park, and even a golf course. The project has also attracted significant interest from international hotel chains, notably Hilton.

Recent restoration efforts have focused on clearing the surrounding parkland, cleaning the ponds, and stabilising the ruins of the palace. Although the structure remains largely in ruins, developers hope to bring the historic building back to life, turning it into a premium tourist destination that honours its aristocratic heritage while promoting tourism and economic development in the region.

A Heritage of Turmoil and Revival

The Palace in Włosień Dolny exemplifies the resilience of historical landmarks in Poland, bearing witness to centuries of regional history — from noble families, wars, and political upheavals, to communist nationalisation and modern revitalisation projects. Despite its current ruined state, the estate's potential for future regeneration continues to inspire hope. Its story is far from over; plans are underway to restore its former splendour and open a new chapter for this once-majestic residence, bringing a slice of 18th-century nobility back to life in a rapidly changing world.

Ruins of the once-grand **Pałac w Jędrzychowicach**, a historic estate that echoes its past splendour through its remaining walls and overgrown parkland. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

Pałac w Jędrzychowicach – A Glimpse of Grandeur

The Pałac w Jędrzychowicach, located near Zgorzelec in Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship, stands as a haunting reminder of past grandeur now reduced to ruins. Built initially in the late 16th century by Heinrich von Hennersdorf, the palace once symbolised aristocratic splendour. Its journey from opulence to decay marks a narrative intertwined with significant historical events and eventual neglect.

The site that would become Pałac w Jędrzychowicach began its transformation in the late 16th century. Originally owned by Sebastian Schütz in 1533, the property changed hands to Joachim Schmied and Hans von Hoffmann in 1553. By 1605, the male lineage had ended, passing the estate to Anna von Hoffmann, Sebastian’s daughter. Through her marriage to Heinrich Ritter, later ennobled as Heinrich Ritter von Hennersdorf, the estate underwent significant expansion from 1611 to 1625. This period included the construction of the iconic tower and the western wing, embedding a Renaissance style into the architectural narrative.

Historical Touchstones and Architectural Evolution

With each transformation, the palace mirrored the influences of its time, evolving through various ownerships. Notably, the site played host to King Stanisław Leszczyński during the Great Northern War and Grand Duke Konstanty Mikołajewicz Romanow amid the Napoleonic Wars. The 19th century saw further modifications under various leaseholders, enhancing both the structural complexity and the grandeur of its associated park.

By 1945, as World War II concluded, the palace weathered the storm of conflict, remaining largely unscathed. However, its fortunes would soon change. Post-war, the estate was nationalised by the Polish state, but a lack of maintenance and investment saw it fall into disuse. By 1958, without any restorative efforts, the palace began its decline into ruin, leaving behind only fragments of walls and the remnants of a stately park.

Shifting Ownership and Modern Neglect

Throughout the communist era in Poland, many historic estates, including Pałac w Jędrzychowicach, were neglected as priorities shifted. After nationalisation, the property’s neglect led to its rapid deterioration. Today, despite being under private ownership, efforts to restore the site have been minimal, and access remains open, albeit hazardous due to crumbling walls and overgrown surroundings.

The estate's park, once a landscaped retreat in the 19th century, shares in this decay, with its once-grand design scarcely visible beneath the undergrowth. The absence of its once vibrant community and architectural conservation leaves the palace echoing tales of its aristocratic past amid a somber present reality.

Pathways to Preservation

The future of Pałac w Jędrzychowicach lies at a crossroads. As a listed monument since 1965, opportunities for preservation exist, bolstered by potential national and European funding for cultural heritage projects. However, without concerted action from private investors or public initiatives, its potential for restoration and adaptive reuse remains unfulfilled.

Currently, the site's status as a private property poses challenges for public intervention, demanding a proactive approach by stakeholders committed to safeguarding Poland’s architectural heritage. Community advocacy, potential tourism, and heritage grants through EU initiatives could pave the way for its revitalisation.

Ruins of the historic **Lipna Palace**, a once-elegant 18th-century manor now abandoned and in a state of decay. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Lipna Palace – a baroque gem in neglect

The Lipna Palace, known in Polish as Pałac w Lipnie, is a historic residence located in the village of Lipna in the Lubusz Voivodeship. Originally constructed in the early 18th century, this elegant manor has experienced a tumultuous history of grandeur, war, and neglect. Today, its crumbling remains stand as a testament to Poland’s rich heritage and the ongoing challenges of preservation.

Lipna’s history dates back to the Middle Ages, with records mentioning the village as early as 1417. The estate’s first notable owner was Sebastian Schütz, who sold the property in 1553 to Joachim Schmied and Hans von Hoffmann. By the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the estate was owned by the Hoffmann family, with the male line ending in 1605. The property then passed to Anna von Hoffmann, who was the heiress of her father's estate.

In the first half of the 18th century, the estate was likely developed into the baroque palace we see today, probably initiated by the Duke of Żagań, Piotr Biron. Significant renovations occurred at the turn of the 19th century, transforming the residence into a neoclassical building, further evolving in later decades under different owners.

Architectural Evolution and Major Changes

The original baroque residence was built probably in the early 18th century, around the beginning of the century, possibly for the family of Piotr Biron, the Duke of Żagań. Its design was an L-shaped, two-storey building with a richly decorated façade, featuring an ornate portal, symmetrical window arrangements, and a scenic park. The layout was enhanced in the 19th century, when renovations introduced classicist details, ornate cornices, pilasters, and a prominent central risalit adorned with a portico supported by Tuscan columns.

Further development in the late 19th century included the addition of new farm buildings, reflecting the estate’s importance in regional agricultural history. The estate's formal park was laid out in the 19th century, although today it has become overgrown and overrun.

Impact of Major Historical Events

Throughout its history, Pelican’s estate was shaped by significant European conflicts. During the Napoleonic Wars, the estate hosted Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov. Later, during World War I and World War II, the palace suffered minimal structural damage, but the broader war climate led to its decline post-1945.

Following the end of the Second World War, the estate was nationalised and repurposed under Poland’s communist regime. The palace was adapted into apartments and offices, with interior modifications such as added partition walls. In 1959, it was converted into a Social Welfare Home, and during the 1960s, it housed a primary school. This utilitarian use severely compromised the building’s structural integrity and aesthetic value.

Post-Communist Transition and Current State

In 1996, the estate reverted to private ownership, but neglect quickly set in. The building was no longer inhabited or maintained, and from the early 2000s onwards, it faced systematic decay. Photos from 2023 reveal a roofless and partially collapsed structure, with walls blackened by weather and neglected. The once-beautiful park now lies overgrown, with fallen trees and an almost total loss of its original layout.

Despite being listed as a protected monument, the Lipna Palace remains in ruins with little active conservation. Its future depends on local efforts and potential funding schemes. The site currently stands as a poignant reminder of Poland’s architectural and historical heritage—awaiting a new chapter of preservation and sustainable reuse.

The Lipna Palace embodies centuries of Polish history, a victim of neglect but also a candidate for revival. Its fate hinges on the collective will to preserve this cultural treasure for generations to come.

Ruins of the historic Międzylesie Palace, a once-majestic 19th-century neoclassical residence now abandoned and deteriorating. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Międzylesie Palace:A historic treasure that fell into decline after the fall of communism

The Międzylesie Palace, known in Polish as Pałac w Międzylesiu, is a remarkable example of 19th-century neoclassical architecture situated in the village of Międzylesie in the Lubusz Voivodeship. Originally constructed around 1870, the palace was once a stately residence and a symbol of regional prosperity. Today, however, it stands neglected and partially ruinous, a poignant reminder of Poland’s often overlooked architectural heritage.

Międzylesie’s history stretches back to at least the 17th century, when it was established as a settlement linked to local farmland. In the 18th century, the estate belonged to the family of von Lüttwitz. Following the death of Karol von Lüttwitz in 1818, the property was inherited by his daughter Julianne. Throughout the 19th century, the estate changed hands multiple times: it was owned by Gustaw Mattheus, then inherited by Maria Reiche, and later owned by August Götz and Willi Schade by 1898. By the early 20th century, the estate was under the ownership of Otto Krüger, and by 1917, it was once again in the possession of the Reiche family, who held it until 1945.

Initially, the estate featured a modest residence built likely in the late 18th century, which was later expanded into the current neoclassical palace. The first significant structure was a rectangular, two-storey building with a mansard roof, constructed in the style influenced by Renaissance motifs, with the addition of eclectic elements during later renovations.

Architectural Evolution and Major Changes

The main palace was built circa 1870, with major renovations and expansions occurring at the end of the 19th century. The asymmetrical façade is accentuated by a prominent three-storey tower topped with a mansard roof and a lantern, as well as a projecting wing with a balcony and loggia on the second floor. The building is set on high foundations, with a layout in the shape of an ‘L’, and features a decorative façade with pilasters, cornices, and detailed window framing.

This period also saw the transformation of the original small park into a landscape-style garden, aligning with 19th-century trends of estate beautification. The estate includes farm buildings dating from 1846, which, together with the palace, formed a cohesive noble complex that reflected the wealth and status of its owners.

Impact of Major Historical Events

Over its long history, the estate saw its fortunes ebb and flow due to upheavals such as the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II. During WWII, the palace remained largely undamaged, but post-1945, significant change occurred. The estate was nationalised by the Polish state and managed by the State Land Property Office. The post-war communist period marked a dark chapter for the building; it was repurposed to serve as a school or other institutional use, and interior modifications included dividing walls, further damaging its historical integrity.

Following the fall of communism in 1989, the palace was returned to private ownership in 1996. Since then, it has been largely abandoned, its condition steadily deteriorating. Despite its status as a registered monument since 1965, little has been done to preserve or restore it, and today, the building remains a shell, with crumbling walls, missing roofs, and overgrown grounds.

The Present and Future Prospects

Currently, the Międzylesie Palace is a dilapidated ruin, a shadow of its former grandeur. Its architectural details—ornate façades, decorative pilasters, and historically significant layout—are fading under layers of neglect. Although private owners have occasionally expressed interest in renovation, no substantial restoration has taken place. The estate’s future depends on active preservation efforts, funding, and community involvement.

Despite the challenges, the palace’s rich history and architecture make it a candidate for revitalisation. Heritage organisations, local authorities, and possibly EU funding programmes could play a role in safeguarding this architectural treasure, transforming it into a cultural or tourism site that honours its noble past.

The Międzylesie Palace stands as a testament to Poland’s historical grandeur, a fading relic that calls for urgent action to preserve its legacy for future generations.

Ruins of the historic **Palace in Parchów,** a once-opulent 18th-century residence now abandoned and deteriorating. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Parchów: Classicist style with ornate stuccoes, mythological and floral ornaments

The Palace in Parchów, known in Polish as Pałac w Parchowie, is a remarkable example of 18th-century architecture, steeped in history and once a splendid aristocratic residence. Built around 1702 on the foundations of an earlier Renaissance-era manor, the palace has endured centuries of change, war, and neglect. Today, it stands in a state of disrepair, a fading emblem of Poland’s cultural heritage that urgently requires preservation.

The origins of the estate in Parchów date back to the late Middle Ages. The first records mention the village as early as the 13th century, with its ownership passing through various noble families over the centuries. The first key owner of the palace was the family of Martin Frantz, the architect likely responsible for its design, with the construction completed around 1702. Originally built on a rectangular plan with classical influences, the structure was intended as a noble residence befitting its owner.

Throughout the 18th century, the estate belonged to several noble families. Notably, it was owned by the family of the Counts of Kottwitz, who commissioned significant renovations. Later, in the 19th century, the estate was acquired by the family of Gustaw Mattheus, and subsequently by Maria Reiche, also owners of neighbouring properties, including in Gościszów. The estate continued to change hands, including ownership by August Götz and later Willi Schade by 1898, followed by Otto Krüger in 1909 and the Reiche family once again in 1917, maintaining its aristocratic character until the upheavals of the 20th century.

Architectural Changes and Developments

The palace was originally built in the early 18th century, designed by the notable architect Martin Frantz, and featured a classicist style with ornate stuccoes, mythological and floral ornaments, and vibrant interior scenographies depicting mythic scenes. Its façade was richly decorated with Italian influences, including stuccoes, decorative motifs, and allegorical figures. The building was a two-storey rectangular structure with a central portico supported by columns and a prominent coat of arms above the entrance.

During the 19th century, the palace underwent partial renovation and expansion, which included updates to the façade and interior decoration, although some decorative elements were lost or damaged during the subsequent period.

A Treasure in Decline Since the Fall of Communism

The estate endured the turbulence of numerous historical conflicts. During World War II, the palace sustained minor damage in 1945 but was not occupied or destroyed. Subsequently, after 1945, it was confiscated by the Polish state and repurposed for various utilitarian functions: it served as a building for the State Agricultural Enterprises (PGR), as well as housing and administrative offices. During this period, interior decorations, including the elaborate stuccoes and mythological murals, were systematically damaged or destroyed.

Following the end of the communist regime in Poland, the palace entered a stage of decline. Privatization in 1996 led to its transfer into private hands. Unfortunately, neglect and lack of investment caused it to fall further into disrepair. Today, the building's roof is missing, and it is at imminent risk of collapse. The surrounding park, once a scenic landscape from the 19th century, is overgrown and largely abandoned.

Present Condition and Prospects

Currently, the Palace in Parchów is a ruined structure, listed as a historic monument since 1961, with its condition classified as unsafe. The building is not in use, and significant structural deterioration poses hazards to visitors. Despite attempts at acquiring funding for restoration, the property remains unprotected and neglected.

In recent years, the potential for revitalising the palace has been recognised. A private investor purchased the estate after several unsuccessful tenders, with plans to restore it into a cultural or service-oriented facility, such as a hotel or wellness centre. However, funds and commitment are still needed to execute these plans effectively.

The Palace in Parchów epitomises the tragic disrepair of Poland’s architectural heritage, but also represents an opportunity. With concerted preservation efforts, it could once again become a beacon of cultural pride and a testament to Poland’s historic grandeur—if only urgent action is taken to save it from total ruin.

Ruins of the historic Palace in Glinka, a once-opulent 18th-century baroque residence now abandoned and deteriorating. Photo: Bjørn Joachimsen.

The Palace in Glinka: A Baroque Treasure that turned into Decay

The Palace in Glinka, known in Polish as Pałac w Glince, is a splendid example of 18th-century baroque architecture, situated in the small village of Glinka in the Góra district of Lower Silesia. Built around the second half of the 18th century for the noble family of von Zobeltitz, it once boasted ornate decorations, a lush park, and a golden history.

Today, however, it is a crumbling ruin, shrouded in local legend and decay, desperately in need of conservation.

Glinka's Noble Heritage and Architectural Legacy

Glinka’s history stretches back to at least 1244, with the first recorded mention of the settlement. Originally, it belonged to various noble families, including the von Sehren and the von Sehr, before becoming part of the estate of the von Zobeltitz family at the turn of the 19th century. The main building, constructed during 1702–1710 under the design of architect Martin Frantz, was a prestigious residence that showcased the arrangements typical of baroque noble estates. It was originally built on a compact rectangular plan, with a central corridor, decorative façade, and an ornate gate featuring the family crest of Zobeltitz.

Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the estate remained under noble ownership, with various renovations and expansions made. In particular, a significant neobaroque upgrade occurred early in the 20th century, adding further grandeur to the palace and its surrounding estate.

Architectural Evolution of the 18th-Century Palaces

The original 18th-century baroque palace was a three-trakt, two-storey building with a mansard roof pierced by dormer windows. The main facade was symmetrically decorated with pilasters, a prominent central risalit topped with a high gable, and ornate stuccoes. The estate also included a notable gate with a sobol crest—an element that survived through generations despite subsequent neglect.

In the early 20th century, the building underwent a neobaroque renovation, enhancing its decorative elements and reaffirming its status as a noble residence. Extensive renovations in the 1960s, aimed at preserving the integrity of the structure, were insufficient to halt the building's deterioration.

The Rise, Fall, and Decline of the Palace

The palace saw its fortunes rise and fall over the centuries. During the Napoleonic Wars, it served as a residence for military or noble families displaced or involved in the conflicts. In the 20th century, the estate survived World War II largely intact, although it was used by the German military and later as part of the communist state’s infrastructure. Post-1945, the estate was nationalised and repurposed as a workers’ canteen, school, and housing—transformations that stripped away much of its original grandeur.

The communist government’s neglect led to the rapid deterioration of the palace. In 1958, some preservation efforts were undertaken, but by the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the building was extensively damaged and partially collapsed. Despite being officially listed as a monument, it has remained unprotected and actively falling into ruin.

Post-Communist Era and Present Condition

Following the fall of communism in Poland, the estate changed hands several times. Recently, a private investor purchased the property, which is now listed for sale. The current condition is dire: the roof is missing, walls are cracked, and interior decorative elements—such as stuccoes and murals—have been lost or damaged. The premises are often visited by urban explorers and legend-seekers, but the building’s unsafe state makes any potential restoration uncertain.

The gate featuring the sobol crest still stands, symbolising the estate’s noble past. However, the palace itself remains a symbol of lost grandeur, awaiting intervention and a committed approach to its future preservation.

The Palace in Glinka represents a significant architectural and historical heritage that faces an uncertain future. Its fate now rests in the hands of new owners and heritage conservation efforts that may yet save this forgotten gem from complete destruction.

Czernin Palace: A Historic Fortress in Decline

The Pałac w Czerninie, or Czernin Palace, stands as a testament to centuries of architectural evolution, war, and neglect. Situated in the village of Czernina in the Góra district of Lower Silesia, Poland, this historic building was originally constructed at the turn of the 17th century as a defensive castle in late Renaissance style, surrounded by a moat.

Over the centuries, it was transformed into a baroque residence, but today, it lies in ruins, a symbol of Poland’s complex and often turbulent history.

A Medieval Stronghold in Turbulent Times

The earliest records of Czernina date back to 1308, when it was a part of the church estates. The first known owner was Jan z Czerniny herbu Wierzbna, a castellan in the Mid-Miejsce region, who likely initiated the construction of a medieval castle here during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. This castle was a stone fortified structure with a courtyard and two circular bastions flanking the main façade, surrounded by water defence—a moat filled with water.

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Czernina changed hands multiple times. It was owned by notable noble families such as the von der Czirne, who distinguished themselves during the Battle of Grunwald, and later by the von Dohna family from around 1490. Under the rule of the Dohna family, the castle and town experienced growth and fortification, including the addition of walls and gates, and it became an important regional centre.

Changing ownership and architectural transformation

In the late 17th century, the castle was transformed into a baroque residence under Abraham von Stosch auf Groß-Tschirna (1644–1705). The structure was extensively reconstructed with the addition of a symmetrical, rectangular layout with intricate stuccoes, mythological scenes, floral decorations, and elaborate architectural details influenced by Italian baroque.

By the second half of the 18th century, Czernina had passed through multiple noble hands, including the von Lestwitz family. Karol Rudolf von Lestwitz, a notable owner, expanded the palace further at the beginning of the 19th century by adding an extra storey. The estate remained a prominent noble residence until 1945, serving as a place of education for orphaned noble girls, supported by a charitable foundation established by the von Lestwitz family.

Key Historical Events and Impact

Czernina’s history was marked by the turbulence of the Thirty Years’ War, when the region was heavily impacted by military conflicts, looting, and epidemics. The castle itself survived the Second World War almost unscathed, but it was later abandoned as a military hospital and government property. After 1945, the estate was nationalised by the communist government and repurposed multiple times—as a school, kindergarten, and workers’ social building. Over these decades, the building was stripped of its valuables and fell into severe disrepair.

In the 1960s, a partial conservation effort was undertaken, but the overall condition steadily worsened. By the late 20th century, the castle was effectively a ruin; its roofs, interiors, and decorative stuccoes were heavily damaged or missing altogether.

Vulnerable to further decay

Today, the Czernin Palace is a severely deteriorated ruin, listed as a protected monument since 1959. Its walls are heavily damaged, with significant portions of the structure collapsed, and the interior displays signs of vandalism and neglect. The once majestic defensive castle has lost its roof and is now only a skeleton of stone walls, with its moat and surrounding park overgrown and abandoned.

Despite being under legal protection, the site remains unsecured and vulnerable to further decay. There have been discussions about restoring and preserving the palace, but so far, efforts have been limited, due to insufficient funding and the complex ownership status. Recently, the property was listed for sale, with some proposals suggesting conversion into a cultural or tourist centre, but no significant restoration has yet materialised.

Czernin Palace stands as a powerful relic of Poland’s historical architecture—a once-mighty fortress and noble residence, now a haunting ruin awaiting revival, if political will and financial support can be mobilised in time.

Revitalising Poland’s Historic Palaces: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategies for Sustainable Preservation

The prospects for restoring abandoned and dilapidated palaces in Poland and ensuring their sustainable use depend on a combination of national policies, EU funding programmes, and the active involvement of various stakeholders. While many historic structures face significant challenges due to neglect, a supportive framework exists, offering opportunities for preservation and adaptive reuse.

Poland has a rich architectural heritage with thousands of castles, palaces, and manor houses, many of which are left in ruin. Revival initiatives are increasingly possible through a structured approach that combines legal protections, financial support, and historical conservation guidelines. Restoring such buildings can create cultural centres, hotels, museums, or community spaces, thus contributing to regional development and tourism, and giving a new life to these historic landmarks.

Financial Support and Subsidies

In Poland, several national and European funds are available to support the restoration of historic sites:

National Heritage Programmes: The Polish government, through agencies such as the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, provides grants and subsidies specifically aimed at conserving cultural monuments. These include direct grants for renovation works, preservation of architectural details, and projects that enhance public access.
EU Funding – European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF): The EU allocates substantial funds for regional development, including the preservation of cultural heritage. The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) often supports projects focused on the revitalisation of historical buildings, with emphasis on sustainable tourism and local economic development. Additionally, the European Agriculture Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) can assist in preserving historical rural architecture, including palaces and manor houses in less urbanised areas.
Creative Europe and Culture Funds: Other EU initiatives like Creative Europe aim to support cultural projects, including restoration initiatives that promote cultural exchange and heritage promotion.

Polish Policy on Cultural Heritage Preservation

The Polish government officially recognises the importance of cultural heritage protection, enshrined in national laws and policies that aim to safeguard historic buildings. The Law on Cultural Heritage and the related regulations stipulate that listed monuments are protected by law, and any work on them must adhere to strict conservation standards. However, many abandoned palaces remain unprotected or in a state of neglect due to administrative and financial limitations. Recent policies have increasingly emphasised the importance of adaptive reuse — turning historic ruins into functional facilities as a sustainable preservation strategy.

Role of Private, Non-profit, and Local Initiatives

Numerous private investors, foundations, local governments, and organisations are actively working to preserve and restore Poland’s historic palaces. These efforts include:

Private Investment: Some entrepreneurs and property owners are purchasing abandoned palaces, investing capital into renovation works, often driven by tourism, cultural promotion, or luxury hospitality projects.
Non-loyal Organisations and Foundations: Many NGOs and foundations run heritage preservation programmes, providing funding, expertise, and advocacy. Examples include the Society for the Preservation of Historic Monuments and specialised regional trusts that assist in restoring castles and palaces.
Municipal and Regional Authorities: Local governments often collaborate with national agencies and NGOs to identify suitable projects and provide partial funding, land or logistical support, or facilitate grants and tax incentives. Some municipalities actively promote heritage tourism, aligning conservation projects with economic development plans.

While many of Poland’s abandoned palaces are in critical condition, there are viable pathways for their preservation and sustainable use. Leveraging national and EU financial instruments, implementing effective legal protections, and fostering partnerships among private sector, NGOs, and local authorities are key factors. Continued commitment, creative adaptive reuse, and community engagement are essential to saving these architectural treasures from complete ruin and ensuring they can once again serve as cultural and economic assets in Polish society.

The images on this page were photographed using a Zenza Bronica GS-1, Zenzanon PG 1:4.5/50mm, Zenzanon PG 1:3.5/100mm, Zenzanon PG 1:4.5/200mm, NiSi System V7 100mm, and Kentmere Pan 200/120. ©Bjørn Joachimsen, 2025.

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